Text A The Moral Equivalent of War（第2页）

[12]Sofarasthetralessehisfeelinggoes，hymiseemstome，helptosomedegreepartakingofit。Militarismisthegreatpreserverofouridealsofhardihood，andhumahnouseforhardihoodwouldbeptible。Withoutrisksorprizesforthedarer，historywouldbeinsipidihereisatypeofmilitarycharacterwhiefeelsthattheraceshouldobreed，foreveryooitssuperiority。Thedutyisionmankind，ofkeepingmilitarycharastock—ifkeepiforuse，thehemselvesandaspurepiecesofperfe，—sothatRoosevelt’sweaklingsandmollyaynotendbymakihingelsedisappearfromthefaature。

[13]Thisnaturalsortoffeelingforms，Ithink，theisouls。tionkaristauthorstakeahighlymysticalviewoftheirsubjedregardwarasabioliecessity，untrolledbyordinarypsychologicalotives。Wheimeofdevelopmehewarmuste，reasonornoreasoifispleadedareinvariablyfictitious。Waris，inshort，apermahumanobligation。GeneralHomerLea16，iheValshimselfsquarelyonthisground。Readinessforwarisforhimtheesseionality，andabilityinitthesuprememeasureofthehealthofnations。

[14]Nations，GeneralLeasays，areionecessarilyexpandorshrink，agtotheirvitalityordecrepitude。Japannowisg;aalflawiisimpossiblethatherstatesmenshouldnotloered，withextraht，uponavastpoliquest—thegameinwhichthefirstmovesithdRussiaahEngland，andofwhialobjectiveisthecaptureofthePhilippiheHawaiianIslands，Alaska，andthewholeofourCoastwestoftheSierraPasses。ThiswillgiveJapaablevoasastateabsolutelyfor，thepossessioirePacifi;andtoopposethesedeepdesignsweAmerishave，agtobutourceit，noranercialism，our，andourfeminism。GeneralLeamakesamieparisoarystrengthresentcouldopposetthofJapan，andcludesthattheislands，Alaska，on，andSouthernia，wouldfallalmostwithoutresistaSanFranustsurrenderinafhttoaJapahatinthreeorfourmonthsthewarwouldbeover，andourrepubliabletainwhatithadheedlesslyectsuffitly，wouldthee”，untilperhapssomeCaesarshouldarisetoweldusagainintoanation。

[15]Adismalforedeed!Yetnotimplausible，ifthementalityofJapan’sstatesmehetypeofwhichhistoryshowsussomanyexamples，andwhichisallthatGeneralLeaseemsabletoimagihereishinkthatwomengerbethemothersofNapoleonicorAlexandriancharadiftheseeinJapanandfiunity，justsuchsurprisesas“theValsmaylurkinambushfnoraillareoftheirecessesofJapay，wemaybefoolhardytardsuchpossibilities。

[16]Othermilitaristsaremoreplexandmoremoralintheirsiderations。The“PhilosophiedesKrieges”，byS。R。Steiz17isagoodexample。War，agtothisauthor，isautedbyGod，whoweighsthenationsinitsbalaheessentialformoftheState，andtheonlyfunwhichpeoplesemployalltheirpowersatonvergently。Novictoryispossiblesaveastheresultantofatotalityofvirtues，forwhieviceorweakrespoy，ess，tena，ce，eduventiveness，ey，hysicalhealthandvigor—thereisn’tamoraloriualpoihatdoesn’ttell，whenGodholdshisassizesandhurlsthepeoplesupoher。DieWeltgeschichteistdasWeltgericht（“Theunfoldingofhistoryistheunfoldinght。”）;azdoesinthelongrundluypartinapptheissues。

[17]Thevirtuesthatprevail，itmustbeuesanyhow，superioritiesthatpeacefulaswellasinmilitarypetitiorainonthem，beingiehelattercase，makeswarinfinitelymasatrial。Noordealisparabletoitswinnowing。Itsdreadhammeristhewelderofmenies，ainsuchstateselydevelopitscapacity。Theoiveis“degeion”。

[18]Dr。Steizisatiousthinker，andhisbook，shortasitis，takesmutoat。Itsupshot，itseemstome，besummedupinSimonPatten18’swords，thatmankindwasnursedinpaihatthetransitiontoa“pleasure-eaybefataltoabeingwieldingnopowersofdefeitsdegeiveinfluences。Ifwespeakofthefearofemanthefear-regime，weputthewholesituationintoasinglephrase;fearregardingourselvesnowtakingtheplaceoftheaheenemy。

[19]TurnthefearoverasIwillinmymind，itallseemstoleadbacktotwouheimaginatioidtheothermoral:utoeureinwhicharmy-life，withitsmasofcharm，shallbeforeverimpossible，andinwhichthedestiniesofpeoplesshallnevermorebedecidedquickly，thrillingly，andtragically，byforlygraduallyandinsipidlyby“evolution”;and，sewillioseethesupremetheatreofhumanstrenuoushesplendidmilitaryaptitudesofmeokeepalwaysienevershowthemselvesina。Theseiunwillingnesses，haidethisisteseemstome，tobelisteoaed。Omeetthemeffectivelybymeresistenensivenessandhorror。Thehorrormakesthethrill;ahequestioheextremestaofhumaalkofexpensesoundsignominious。Theweaknessofsativecriticismisevident—pacificismmakessfromthemilitaryparty。Themilitarypartydehebestialitynorthehorror，northeexpeonlysaysthatthesethihalfthestory。Itonlysaysthatwarisworththem;that，takinghumannatureasawhole，itswarsareitsbestproteagainstitsweakerandmorecowardlyself，andthatmankindotaffordtoadoptapeay。

[20]Pacificistsoughttoentermoredeeplyiidethitofviewoftheiroppohatfirstinanytroversy，saysJ。J。，the，andyouroppowillfollow。Solongasanti-militaristsproposenosubstituteforwar’sdisaryfunoralequivalentous，asosay，tothemeicalequivale，soloorealizethefullihesituation。Andasaruletheydofail。Theduties，penalties，andsanspitheutopiastheypaiooweakaouchthemilitary-mioy’spacificismistheoothisrule，foritisprofouicasregardsallthisworld’svalues，ahefearoftheLordfurnishthemoralspurprovidedelsewherebythefearoftheeoursocialisticpeace-advocatesallbelieveabsolutelyinthisworld’svalues;ahefearoftheLordaheeheoheyrewithisthefearofpovertyifohiservadesallthesocialisticliteraturewithwhichIamated。EveninLowesDi19’sexquisitedialogue，highwagesandshorthoursaretheonlyforvokedfman’sdistasteforrepulsivekindsoflabor。Mealargestillliveastheyalwayshavelived，underapain-and-fearey—forthoseofuswholiveinanease-eyarebutanislaormyodthehereofpresent-dayutopiaastesmawkishanddisheoplewhostillkeepasenseforlife’smorebitterflavgests，intruth，ubiquitousiy。

[21]Iyisalwayswithus，andmercilesssofitisthekey-hemilitarytemper。“Dogs，wouldyouliveforever?”shoutedFredericktheGreat20。“Yes，”sayourutopiausliveforever，andraiseradually。”Thebestthingaboutour“iodayisthattheyareastoughasnails，andphysidmorallyalmostasiopianismwouldseethemsoftandsqueamish，whilemilitarismwouldkeeptheiress，buttraoameritoriouscharacteristieededby“theservidredeemedbythatfromthesuspiferiority。Allthequalitiesofamaywhehattheserviceofthecollectivitythatowhem。Ifproudofthecollectivity，hisownpriderisesinproportion。yislikeanarmyfsuchpride;butithastobefessedthattheowhichtheimageofpaopolitanindustrialismiscapableihybreastsisshameattheideaofbelongingtosuchacollectivity。ItisobviousthattheUesofAmericaastheyexisttodayimpressamindlikeGeneralLea’sassomublubber。Whereisthesharpnessaousforlife，whetherone’sownoranother’s?Whereisthesavage“yes”and“ionalduty?Whereisthes?Whereistheblood-tax?Whereisanythingthatonefeelshonoredbybelongingto?

[22]Havingsaidthusmupreparation，Iwillnowyownutopia。Idevoutlybelieveinthereighegradualadveofasocialisticequilibrium。Thefatalisticviewofthewar-funenonsense，forIknowthatwarmakiodefiivesaoprudentialdreasoicisms，justlikeanyotherformofenterprise。Andwheiohearmies，andthesceofdestruviesiualrefihescesofprodu，Iseethatwarbeesabsurdandimpossiblefromitsownmonstrosity。Extravagantambitionswillhavetobereplacedbyreasonablednationsmustmakeothem。Iseenoreasonwhyallthisshouldnotapplytoyellowaswellastowhitetries，andIlookforwardtoafuturewhenactsofwarshallbeformallyoutlawedasbetweencivilizedpeoples。

[23]Allthesebeliefsofmimesquarelyii-militaristparty。ButIdopeaceeitheroughttobeorwillbepermahisglobe，uespacificallyanizedpreservesomeoftheoldelementsofarmy-dise。Apermalysuccessfulpeayotbeasimplepleasure-ey。Inthemoreorlesssocialisticfuturetowardswhidseemsdriftiillsubjectourselvescollectivelytothoseseveritieswhiswertoourrealpositionuponthisonlypartlyhospitableglobe。Wemustmakenewenergiesandhardihoodsuethemaowhichthemilitarymindsofaithfullygs。Martialvirtuesmustbetheerepidity，ptofsoftness，surrenderofprivatei，obedieouststillremaintherowhichstatesarebuilt—unless，indeed，wewishferousreasagainstoonlyforpt，aeattaeveratreofcrystallizationformilitary-mierprisegetsformedaheirneighborhood。

[24]Theartyisassuredlyrightinaffirmingandreaffirmingthatthemartialvirtues，althinallygaihroughwar，areabsoluteahumangoods。Patriotidambitioaryformare，afterall，oionseneralpetitivepassiosfirstform，butthatisnoreasonforsupposiobeitslastform。Mennoroudofbelongingtoagnation，andwithoutamurmurtheylaydowntheirpersoh，ifbysodoingtheymayfendoffsubje。Butwhobesurethatotheraspee’saynot，withtimeaionaionenough，etardedwithsimilarlyeffectivefeelingsofprideandshame?Whyshouldmennotsomedayfeelthatitisworthabloodtaxtobelongtoacollectivitysuperiorinanyidealrespect?Whyshouldtheynotblushwithindigheunitythatownsthemisvileinanywaywhatsoever?Individuals，dailymorenumerous，hiscivi。Itisoionofblowiillthewholepopulatiosi，andontheruinsoftheoldmoralsofmilitaryhonor，astablesystemofmoralsoforbuildsitselfup。Whatthewholeuobelieveingraspstheindividualasihewar-funhasgraspedussofar;butstruterestsmaysomedayseemnolessimperative，aheindividualahardlylighterburden。

[25]Letmeillustratemyideamorecretely。Thereisnothingtomakeoneindignantihatlifeishard，thatmenshouldtoilaheplaarysonceforallaresudwedit。Butthatsomanymesofbirthandopportunity，shouldhavealifeofoilandpainandhardnessayimposeduponthem，shouldhavenova，whileothersnativelynomasteofthisglifeatall，—thisiscapableindignatioiveminds。Itmayendbyseemioallofusthatsomeofushavenothingbutg，ahingbutunmanlyease。Ifnow—andthisismyidea—therewere，insteadofmilitarys，asofthewholeyouthfulpopulationtoformforaumberofyearsapartofthearmyeheie，ahergoodstotheohwouldfollow。Themilitaryidealsofhardihoodanddisewhtintfiberofthepeople;noonewouldremainblindastheluxuriousowareblind，tomaionstotheglobeheliveson，andtothepermalysourandhardfoundationsofhishigherlife。Todirohttrains，tofishisiodish-washing，clothes-washing，andashing，toroad-buildingandtunnelmaking，tofouoke-holes，andtotheframesofskyscrapers，wildedyouthsbedraftedtotheirchoice，togettheesskofthem，aosocietywithhealthiersympathiesandsobererideas。Theyaidtheirblood-tax，doheirownpartintheimmemorialhumaheywouldtreadtheearthmoreproudly;thewomenwouldvaluethemmhly;theywouldbebetterfathersahefollowiion。

[26]Sus，withthestateofpublithatwouldhaverequiredit，andthemanymoralfruitsitwouldbear，wouldpreserveiofapacificcivilizationthemahemilitarypartyissoafraidofseeingdisappearinpeace。Weshouldgettoughhoutess，authoritywithaslittlealcrueltyaspossible，andpainfulworkdonecheerilybecausethedutyistemporary，a，ashewholeremainderofone’slife。Ispokeofthe“moralequivalent”ofwar。Sofar，warhasbeentheodiseawholeunity，andudiseisanized，Ibelievethatwarmusthaveitsway。ButIhavenoseriousdoubtthattheordinarypridesandshamesofso，ooatensity，arecapablesuchamoralequivalentasIhavesketeotherjustaseffectivefmaype。Itisbutaquestionoftime，ofskillfulpropagandism，andofopinion-makingmenseizinghistoriities。

[27]Themartialtypeofcharabebredwithoutwar。Strenuoushonoraednessaboundelsewhere。Priestsandmediareinafashio，andweshouldallfeelsomedegreeofitimperativeifweweresciousofourworkasanobligatoryservicetothestate。Weshouldbeowned，assoldiersarebythearmy，andourpridewouldriseagly。Wecouldbepoor，then，withouthumiliation，asarmyoffioware。Theonlythingneededhenceforwardistoiemperaspasthistoryhasihemilitarytemper。H。G。Wells21，asusual，seesthetreofthesituation。“Inmanyways，”hesays，“militaryanizatiopeacefulofactivities。Wheemporarymahestreetofclamorousiisement，push，adulteratiaemployment，intothebarrack-yard，hestepsontoahighersoe，intoanatmosphereofservidco-operationandofinfinitelymorehoiomeflungoutofemploymeebecausethereiseworkforthemtodo。Theyarefedaraierservices。Hereatleastamanissupposedtowinpromotiofulnessandnotbyself-seekihefeebleandirregulareorresearercialism，itslittleshhtedsprofitbyinnovatioifiy，seehowremarkableisthesteadyandrapiddevelopmehodandapplianavalandmilitaryaffairs!Nothirikingthantoparetheprogressofvenienceswhichhasbeeehetrader，tressinmilitaryapparatusdurifewdecades。Thehouse-appliaoday，forexample，arelittlebetterthayyearsago。Ahouseoftodayisstillalmostasill-ventilated，badlyheatedbywastefulfires，clumsilyarrangedandfurhehouseof1858。Housesacoupleofhundredyearsoldarestillsatisfactoryplacesofresidelehaveourstandardsrisen。Buttherifleorbattleshipoffiftyyearsagowasbeyondallparisohosewepossess;inpower，inspeed，incealike。Noonehasausenowforsuhings。”

[28]Wellsaddsthathethinksthatthesoforderanddise，thetraditionofserviddevotion，ofphysiess，uion，anduniversalresponsibility，whiiversalmilitarydutyisnowteagEuropeannations，ermaa，wheammunitionhasbeehefireworksthatcelebratethefinalpeace。Ibelieveashedoes。ItwouldbesimplypreposterousiftheocouldworkidealsofhonorandstandardsofeffitoEnglishorAmeriaturesshouldbethefearofbeiheGermansortheJapaindeedisFear;butitisnot，asourmilitaryenthusiastsbelieveandtrytomakeusbelieve，theonlystimulusknownforawakeningthehigherrangesofmen’sspiritualeofalterationinpubliyutopiapostulatesisvastlylessthanthedifferehementalityofthoseblackwarriorswhopursuedStanley22’spartyonthegowiththeiribalwar-eat!Meat!”andthatofthe“geaff”ofanycivilizednation。Historyhasseeerintervalbridgedover:theformeronebebridgedovermuchmoreeasily。

Notes

1。Iliad:Greekepi（attributedtoHomer）desgthesiegeofTroy

2。DiomedesandAjax:mythicalGreekheroeswhofoughtagainstTroy

3。Sarpedohology）asonofZeuswhobegofLycia;hefoughtoheTrojarojanWarandwaskilledbyPatroclus。

&reekmythology）amythiwhowaskilledbyAchillesdurirojan>

5。thePeloponnesianwar:（431B。C。-404B。C。）awarinwhisanditsalliesweredefeatedbytheleagueteredonSparta

6。Thucydides:（460B。C。-400B。tGreekhistorianrememberedforhishistoryofthePeloponnesian>

7。MatthewArnold:（1822-1888）Eerarycritic

8。PaulusAemilius:（229B。C。-160B。eanRepubliotedgeneralwhoaputtiheAntigoniddynasty

9。Epirus:aareaontheIoflourishedasakingdomiuryB。C。;loreedsouthernAlbania

10。Brutus:（85B。C。-42B。C。）statesmaRomewho（withCassius）ledaspiracytoassassinateJuliusCaesar

11。Philippi:atMaia

12。Thessalonica:aportreeiheAegeanSea

13。theBoerwar:eitheroftwowars，thefirstwheEnglaaintheiheyhadgivenuptoobtainBritishhelpagainsttheZulus（1880-1881）;thesetheeFreeStateandTransvaaldeclaredwaronBritain（1899-1902）

14。Mley:（1843-1901）25thPresideedStates;wasassassinatedbyananarchist