Text A The Moral Equivalent of War（第1页）
TextATheMoralEquivalentofWar
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WilliamJames（1842-1910）hilosopher，psychologistandphysiheleadihelateury。JamesisbelievedtobeoiialAmeriphilosophers。Heissideredtobeohemajuresassociatedwiththephilosophicalsmatism，andisalsocitedasohefoundersoffunalpsychology。AReviewofGeneralPsychologysurvey（2002）rahe14thmostcitedpsychologistofthe20thtury。Healsodevelopedthephilosophicalperspeoiricism。
James’workinflueny，ingPresidents。OnApril17，1977，PresidentJimmyCartermadethespeech“MoralEquivalentofWar”，equatiedStates’1970sehedsacrificesCarter’sproposedplanswouldrequirewiththe“moralequivalentofwar”。ThespeechmayhaveborrowedthetitleofJames’classicessayTheMoralEquivalentofWar，andmuchofitsthemeandthememorablephrasederivedfromhislastspeech，deliveredatStanfordUyin1906，inwhichJamessideredoheclassisofpolitics:hoolitiityandcivicvirtueintheabsenceof>
Promptsf
1。AgtoJames，“Thereissomethinghighlyparadoxithemoderowar。”Findoutwhatisinhismind。
2。Ifitisuandableforaialtribestoenjoyhunting，thenwhyaremodernmenfasatedbythe>
3。WhatdoestheauthorwanttotelluswhehePeloponnesian>
4。WhatisthecrueltylikeintheRomaofGreece?
5。Jamessays，“Ouraorshavebredpugnatoourboneandmarrow，andthousandsofyearsofpea’tbreeditoutofus。”Whatdoesthismean?
6。Whatdoestheauthormea-daycivilizedopinion”ofeace?
7。Howdosomepeueinfavoroftheyof>
8。Whatrolesdomoralsandvirtuesplayin>
9。Whatis“thefearofemanthefear-regime”?（Thiwoufollowthistopic。）
10。Whatistherelationshipofprideaivelywith“collectivity”?
11。“Idopeaceeitheroughttobeorwillbepermahisglobe，uespacificallyanizedpreservesomeoftheoldelementsofarmy-dise。”Whatelementsofarmy-disedoestheauthorhaveinmind?
12。Whatareotheraspemartialvirtues，oforythatetardedwithsimilarlyeffectivefeelingsofprideandshame?
13。WhatdoesJamesmeanby“thearmyeNature”?
14。Whataresomeofthemoralequivalentsofwaragtotheauthor?
[1]Thewaragainstwarisgoingtobenoholidayexpingparty。Themilitaryfeelioodeeplygrouoabdicatetheirplagouridealsuutesareofferedthanthegloryaetonatiooindividualsfromtheupsanddownsofpolitidthevicissitudesoftrade。Thereissomethinghighlyparadoxithemoderowar。Askallourmillions，northandsouth，whethertheywouldvotehingpossible）tohaveourwarfortheUnionexpungedfromhistory，andtherecordofapeasitiotimesubstitutedforthatofitsmardbattles，andprobablyhardlyaharicswouldsayyes。Thoseahoseefforts，thosememoriesandlegeidealpartofher，asacredspiritualpossessionworthmorethanallthebloodpouredout。Yetaskthosesamepeoplewhethertheywouldbewillingincoldbloodtostartanothercivilwarnowtogainanothersimilarpossession，andnotonemanorwomanwouldvotefortheproposition。Inmoderneyes，preciousthoughwarsmaybe，theymustnotbewagedsolelyforthesakeoftheidealharvest。Onlywhenforone，onlywhenanenemy’sinjusticeleavesusive，isawarnowthoughtpermissible。
[2]Itwasnotthusiimes。Theearliermeiohuntaneighbtribe，killthemales，lootthevillageahefemales，wasthemostprofitable，aswellasthemostexg，wayofliving。Thuswerethemoremartialtribesseledindpeoplesapurepugnadloveofgloryihemorefualappetiteforplunder。
[3]Modernwarissoexpewefeeltradetobeabetteraveoplumodersalltheiyandalltheloveofgloryofhisaors。Showingwar’sirrationalityandhorrorisofuponhim。Thehorrorsmakethefas。Waristhestroislifeiremis;war-taxesaretheonlyoatetopay，asthebudgetsofallnationsshowus。
[4]Historyisabathofblood。TheIliad1isoalofhowDiomedesandAjax2，Sarpedoor4killed。hewoundstheymadeissparedus，andtheGreekmihestreekhistoryisapanoramaofjingoismandimperialism—warforwar’ssake，allthesbeingwarriors。Itish，becauseoftheirrationalityofitall—saveforthepurposeofmaking“history”—aoryisthatoftheutterruinofacivilizatioualrespectsperhapsthehighesttheearthhaseverseen。
[5]Thoseurelypiratical。Pride，gold，womeemeheirohePeloponnesianwar5，forexample，theAtheniaaheislahe“VenusofMilo”wasfoural，toowntheirlordship。Thee，andholdadebatewhichThucydides6givesinfull，andwhich，forsweetreasonablenessofform，wouldhavesatisfiedMatthewArnold7。“Thepowerfulexactwhatthey，”saidtheAthenians，“awhattheymust。”Whehatsoohaheyealtothegods，theAtheniansreply:“Ofthegodswebelieveandofmehat，byalawoftheirnature，wherevertheyruletheywill。Thislawwasnotmadebyus，ahefirsttohaveait;wedidbuti，ahatyouandallmankind，ifyouwereasstrongasweare，woulddoaswedo。Sods;wehavetoldyouwhyweexpedashighintheirgoodopinionasyou。”Well，theMeleansstillrefused，aowheAthenians，”Thucydidesquietlysays，“thereuponputtodeathallwhowereeandmadeslavesofthewomenaheheislahitherfivehulersoftheirown。”
[6]Alexander’scareerureahingbutanyofpoluicbythecharacterofthehero。Thereri，ahediedhisgeneralsaaeahecrueltyofthosetimesisincredible。WhenRomefinallyqueredGreece，PaulusAemilius8wastoldbytheRomaorewardhissoldiersfortheirtoilby“giviheoldkiheysatydcarriedoffahundredandfiftythousandinhabitantsasslaves。HowmanytheykilledIknownot;butiheykilledallthesenators，fivehundredandfiftyius10was“theRomanofthemall”，buttoreanimatehissoldiersontheeveofPhilippi11hesimilarlypromisestogivethemthecitiesofSpartaandThessalonica12te，iftheywi。
[7]Suchwasthegoryraioess。Weihee;andformostofthecapathatthehumanraceisfullofwehavetothankthiscruelhistory。Deadmeales，andiftherewereahertypethanthistheyhaveleftnosurvivors。Ouraorshavebredpugnatoourboneandmarrow，andthousandsofyearsofpea’tbreeditoutofus。Thepinationfairlyfatteofublioncereachafightingpitorulerwithstandit。IntheBoverhbluff，butthey’tstaythere;themilitarytensionwastoomu。In1898ourpeoplehadreadthewordWARihreeincheshighforthreemonthsineveryhepliantpolitiley14aybytheireagerness，andoursqualidaiy。
[8]Atthepresentday，civilizedopinionisaentalmixture。Themilitaryinstindidealsareasstroaretedbyreflectivecriticismswhichsorelycurbtheirafreedom。Iersareshowiialsideofmilitaryservice。Purelootandmasteryseemnolongermorallyallowablemotives，abefoundfthemsolelytotheenemy。Englandandwe，ourarmyandnavyauthoritiesrepeatwithoutg，aresolelyfor“peace”。GermanyandJapanitiswhoarebentonlootandglory。“Peamilitarymouthstodayisasynonymfor“ected”。Thewordhasbeeapureprovodwishingpeacerelyshouldallowitevertobeprintedinaneer。Everyup-to-datediaryshouldsaythat“pead“war”meahing，nowinposse，nowinactu15。Itmayevenreasohattheintenselysharppetitivepreparationforwarbythenationsistherealerma，ung;andthatthebattlesareonlyasortofpublicverifiasterygaineddurierval。
[9]Itisplainthatonthissubjectcivilizedmanhasdevelopedasortofdoublepersonality。Ifeannatioeiofahemwouldseemtojustifythetremeionsassitwouldnecessarilyentail。Itwouldseemthatonsenseandreasonoughttofindawaytreementineveryfliestis。Imyselfthinkitourbouobelieveinsuationalrationalityaspossible。But，asthingsstand，Iseehowdesperatelyharditistthepeace-partyaytogether，ahedifficultyisduetodefitheprogramofpacificismwhichsetthemilitaristimaginatily，aentjustifiably，againstit。Inthewholedisbothsidesareonimagiimentalground。Itisbutoopiaagainstanother，ahingonesaysmustbeabstradhypothetical。Subjecttothiscritid，Iwilltrytocharaabstractstrokestheoppositeimaginativefordpointoutwhattomyownveryfalliblemihebestutopiahemlineof。
[10]Inmyremarks，pacifi，Iwillrefusetospeakofthebestialsideime（alreadydoobymanywriters）ahehigheraspeilitaristit。Patriotismhiable;nordoesawaristheromaory。Butiiohesoulofeverypatriotism，andthepossibilityofviolehesoulofallromaarilypatriotiindedeveryeciallytheprofessionalmilitaryclass，refusetoadmitforamomentthatwarmaybeatransitoryphenomenoniioionofasheep’sparadiselikethatrevolts，theysay，inatioheeepsoflife?Ifwarhadeverstopped，weshouldhavetorei，ooredeemlifefromflatdegeion。
[11]Reflectiveapologistsforresentdayalltakeitreligiously。Itisasortofsat。Itsprofitsaretothevanquishedaswellastothevidquiteapartfromaionofprofit，itisanabsolutegood，wearetold，foritishumashighestdynamic。Its“horrors”areacheappricetopayforrestheoivesupposed，ofaworldofdteachers，ofco-edudzoophily，of“er’sleagues”and“associatedcharities”，ofindustrialismunlimited，andfeminismunabashed。Nosohardness，novaloranymore!Fieuponsuchacattleyardofapla!