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爱一切人才是仁(第1页)

章节目录保存书签

爱一切人才是仁

仁者以天地万物为一体,使有一物失所,便是吾仁有未尽处。

在王阳明看来,仁爱的人把天地万物看作一个整体,如果有一物失常,就是自己的仁爱还有不完善的地方。

为了进一步阐述天地万物共为一体的道理,王阳明又进一步说:“禽兽与草木同是爱的,把草木去养禽兽,又忍得?人与禽兽同是爱的,宰禽兽以养亲与供祭祀、宴宾客,心又忍得?至亲与路人同是爱的,如箪食豆羹,得则生,不得则死,不能两全,宁救至亲,不救路人,心又忍得?”意思是说,人们既然同样喜爱动物与草木,怎么忍心拿草木去饲养禽兽呢?同样热爱人与禽兽,为什么忍心宰杀了禽兽去供养父母、祭祀和招待宾客呢?对至亲的人与路人同样充满仁爱,但是如果只有一箪食、一豆羹,无法保全两方的性命,怎么忍心只让至亲的人吃了活命,让路人饿死呢?

《论语》中记载樊迟问什么叫仁。孔子说,能够爱一切人就是仁。孔子所说的“一切人”并不单指人类这一种生命,而泛指世界上的一切生命,这才是圣人的“仁”。由此可见,孔子的仁是建立在人类最大程度的平等性基础上的,是没有半点私心的。

《庄子》中写道:“有亲,非仁也。”就是说,只要带有一点私情,就已经够不上仁了。佛家讲慈悲平等,则是爱一切众生。仁慈是爱天下,没有私心。有所亲,有所偏爱,就不是仁的最高目的了。

有一个农夫的妻子去世了,农夫请无相禅师到家里来为他的亡妻诵经超度。佛事完毕以后,农夫问道:“禅师,您认为我的妻子能从这次佛事中得到多少收益呢?”无相禅师如实回答道:“佛法好像慈航,普度众生;好像日光,遍照大地。不只是你的妻子可以得到利益,一切有情众生无不从中得益。”农夫听了有些不满意:“我就知道是这样的。可是我的妻子很娇弱,其他众生也许会占她便宜,把她的功德夺去。请您这次只单单为她诵经超度,不要回向给其他众生,可以吗?”

无相禅师慨叹农夫的自私,但仍慈悲地开导道:“回向是好事情啊!你看,天上只有一个太阳,但万物皆蒙照耀。一粒种子可以长出万千果实。你应该用你的善心点燃这一根蜡烛,去引燃千千万万支的蜡烛,这样世间的光亮就会增加千万倍,而且本身的这支蜡烛并不会因此减少亮光。如果人人都能抱有这样的观念,那我们每一个人就会因千千万万人的回向,而蒙受很多的功德,何乐而不为呢?故我们佛教徒应该平等地看待一切众生!”农夫想了想,知道无法说服禅师,只好让步:“好吧,这个教义很好。但是,但是……”农夫吞吞吐吐地说道:“还是要请法师破个例,我有一位邻居,平日里总是欺侮我,如果能把他除去在一切有情众生之外就好了。”无相禅师忍不住以严厉的口吻说道:“既然是一切众生,哪里来的除外?”

佛法的功德在于普度众生,岂有为一人超度之理?

在王阳明看来,圣人的心与天地万物为一体,他们看待天下的人,没有远近内外之别,凡是有生命的都是兄弟儿女,都要教养他们,使他们安全,以实现自己与天地万物一体的信念。普通凡人的心原本同圣人的心并无差别,只是后来夹杂了私心,内心的良知渐渐被物欲所蒙蔽,以万物为一体的仁爱之心就变成了狭隘的私心;有了私心,就生出了爱与憎的情绪,就将万物分化开来。

可见,如果人们能够消除内心爱与憎的区分,把天地万物看作一个整体,爱一切人、事,就能恢复通透的良知,获得人生的成功与幸福。

章节目录

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