CHAPTER V PUNCTUATION（第2页）

4。Theisoftehetitleofbookswhenthesedaryorsubtitleisinappositiontotheleadingoheitted:"Acoustics:theSd。"

5。Itisusedafterthesalutationinthebeginers:"Sir:MydearSir:Gentlemen:DearMr。Jo;etthisadashveryoftenfollowsthe。

6。Itissometimesusedtoiailsofagroupofthingsalreadyreferredtointhemass:"Theboy'sexcusesflatewere:firstly，hedidnotkime，sedly，hewassehirdly，hetrippedonarodfellbythewayside。"

ThePeriodisthesimplestpunark。Itissimplyusedtomarktheendofapleteseiserrogativeory。

1。Aftereverysentenveyingaeaning:"Birdsfly。""Plantsgrow。""Manismortal。"

2。Iions:aftereveryabbreviatedword:Rt。Rev。T。der，D。D。，L。L。D。

3。Aperiodisusedolepagesofbooksafterthehebook，aftertheauthor'shepublisher'simprirails。ByTheodoreRoosevelt。NewYork。Spany。

TheMarkatioestaquestion。

&ionadmittingofanaised，shouldbefollowedbythemarkation:"Whohasnotheardof;

2。Wheionshaveaoheyshouldbefollowedbyonemarkatioheseries:"Whereheplaythingsandfriendsofmyboyhood?thelaughingboys?thewihefondneighborswhomIloved?"

3。Themarkisofteheticallytosuggestdoubt:"In1893（?）GladstoedtoHomeRuleforIreland。"

&ionpointshouldbespariiprose。Itschiefuseistodeionofsomekind。

1。Itisgenerallyemployedwithiionsorclausesusedasiions:"Alas!Iamforsaken。""Whatalovelyla;

2。Expressiemotioncallfortheex:&que，Chester，，Stanley，on!"

&heemotidoubleexpointsmaybeused:"Assisthim!!IwouldratherassistSatan!!"

TheDashisgenerallyedtocaseswherethereisasuddehegeneralrunofthepassage。Ofallthepunarksitisthemostmisused。

1。Itisemployedtodenotesuddehestruent:"TheHeroesoftheCivilecherishthem。""Hewasafinefellow—inhisownopinion。"

2。Whenawordorexpressioedfororatoricaleffect，adashisusedtoiherepetition:"Shakespearewasthegreatestofallpoets—Shakespeare，theiualoashedthetsofallthought。"

3。TheDashisusedtoindiwithit:"Heisamanbut—"

4。Itisusedtoiisedorwhatisuralouteofwhathasgo;Hedelveddeepintothebowelsoftheearthandfouhehiddeon。"

5。Itisusedtodeheomissioersures:"J—nJ—sforJohnJones?1908-9for1908and1909?MatthewVII:5-8forMatthewVII:5，6，7，and8。

6。sisofthewords，is，towit，etc。，takesplace，thedashisusedtosupplythem:"Heexthreebrahmetic，algebra，a;

7。Adashisusedtodeheomissionofpartofawordwhenitisuethefullword:Heissomewhatofar——l（rascal）。Thisisespeciallytheprofanewords。

&weenaayfenerallyadash:"Alltheworld'sastage。"—Shakespeare。

&ionsandahesameparagraphtheyshouldbeseparatedbydashes:&quoodboy?Yes，Sir。—Doyoulovestudy?Ido。"

MarksofParenthesisareusedtoseparateexpressiohebodyofasentence，whichareillustrativeofthemeaning，buthaveialwiththesentendcouldbedo。Theyshouldbeusedaslittleaspossiblefortheyshowthatsomethingisbeingbroughtihatdoesoit。

&heunityofasentenceisbrokenthewordsgthebreakshouldbeenpare;Weotbelievealiar（andJonesisone），evehetruth。"

2。Isofspeechesmarksofparenthesisareusedtodeionsofapprovalordisapprovalbytheaudiehemassesmustnotsubmittothetyrannyoftheclasses（hear，hear），wemustshnates（groans），thattheyh-shodoverhts（cheers）?""IfthegentlemanfromOhio（Mr。Brown），wilnotbeourspokesmaseleother。（Avoice，—GetRobinson）。"

arenthesisisihesentenoaisrequired，nopointshouldbeusedbeforeeitherparenthesis。Wheaplacerequiringaa，ifthepareterrelatestothewholesentenashouldbeusedbeforeeathesis?ifitrelatestoasingleword，orshortostopshouldebeforeit，butaashouldbeputafterthegparenthesis。

&ionmarksareusedtoshowthatthewordsehemareborrowed。

1。Adirectquotationshouldbeehiionmarks:AbrahamLinsaid，—"Ishallmakethislandtoohotforthefeetofslaves。"

&ationisembraaheedquotationhasonlysinglemarks:Franklinsaid，"Mostmeobelieve'hohebestpolicy。'"

&ationsistsraphsthequotationmarksshouldprecedeeachparagraph。

4。Titlesofbooks，pidneerswhenfiveed。

5。Oftenthenamesofshipsarequotedthoughthereisnooforit。

&ropheshouldeuhearatherthahequotationmarksordoublea。Thewreekandsigurningawayfrom。Theletterelidedorturnedawayisgenerallyaryandfamiliardialoguetheapostrophemarkstheelisionofasyllable，as"I'veforIhave"?"Thou'rtforthouart"?"you'llforyouwill，"etesitisoabbreviateawordbyleaviters。Insuchcasetheapostrophetakestheplaittedlettersas"t'dforued。"Theapostropheisusedtodeheelisiouryindates，wheretheturyisuoodortosavetherepetitionofaseriesoffigures，as"TheSpiritof'76"?"Iservedinthearmyduringtheyears1895，'96，'97，'98and'99。"Thepriheapostropheistodehepossessivecase。Allnounsinthesingularherproper，andallnounsinthepluralendingwithaerthans，formthepossessivebytheadditioropheaheoothisruleare，that，bypoetisetheadditionalsmaybeelidediryforsakeofthemetre，auralphrases&quoodness'sake。""Force'sake，""ForJesus'sake，"ethasdohthesandthesephrasesarenowidiomsofthelanguage。Allpluralnounsendinginsformthepossessivebytheadditioropheonlyasboys'，horses'。Thepossessivecaseofthepersonalproheapostrophe，asours，yours，hers，theirs。