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- 廷杖 证明官员有气节的代名词（第1页）
廷杖 证明官员有气节的代名词（第1页）
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廷杖：证明官员有气节的代名词
除了在狱中的非刑以外，和厂卫互相表里的一件恶政是廷杖，锦衣卫始自明太祖，东厂为明成祖所创设，廷杖却是抄袭元朝的。
在元朝以前，君臣之间的距离还不十分悬绝，三公坐而论道，和皇帝是师友，宋朝虽然臣僚在殿廷无坐处，却也还礼貌大臣，绝不加以非礼的行为，“士可杀不可辱”这一传统的观念，上下都能体会。蒙古人可不同，他们根本不了解士的地位，也不能用理论来装饰殿廷的庄严。他们起自马上，生活在马上，政府中的臣僚也就是军队中的将校，一有过错，拉下来打一顿，打完照旧办事，不论是中央官还是地方官，在平时或是在战时，臣僚挨打是家常便饭，甚至中书省的长官，也有在殿廷被杖的记载。明太祖继元而起，虽然一力“复汉官之威仪”，摒弃胡俗胡化，对于杖责大臣一事，却习惯地继承下来。著名的例子：被杖死的如亲侄大都督朱文正，工部尚书薛祥，永嘉侯朱亮祖父子，部曹被廷杖的如主事茹太素。从此殿陛行杖，习为祖制，正德十四年（1519年）以南巡廷杖舒芬等百四十六人，死者十一人，嘉靖三年（1523年）以大礼之争廷杖丰熙等百三十四人，死者十六人。循至方面大臣多毙杖下，幸而不死，犯公过的仍须到官办事，犯私仇者再下诏狱处死。至于前期和后期廷杖之不同，是去衣和不去衣，沈德符说：“成化以前诸臣被杖者皆带衣裹氈，不损肤膜，然犹内伤困卧，需数旬而后起，若去衣受笞，则始于逆瑾用事，名贤多死，今遂不改。”廷杖的情形，据艾穆所说，行刑的是锦衣官校，监刑的是司礼监：“司礼大珰数十辈捧驾帖来，首喝曰带上犯人来，每一喝则千百人一大喊以应，声震甸服，初喝跪下，宣驾帖杖吾二人，着实打八十棍，五棍一换，总之八十棍换十六人。喝着实打，喝打阁上棍，次第凡四十六声，皆大喊应如前首喝时，喝阁上棍者阁棍在股上也。杖毕喝踩下去，校尉四人以布袱曳之而行。”天启时万璟被杖死的情形，樊良材撰《万忠贞公传》道：“初璟劾魏珰疏上，珰恚甚，矫旨廷杖一百，褫斥为民。彼一时也，缇骑甫出，群聚蜂拥，绕舍骤禽，饱恣拳棒，摘发捉肘，拖沓摧残，曳至午门，已无完肤。迨行杖时逆档领小竖数十辈奋袂而前，执金吾（锦衣卫指挥使）止之曰留人受杖，逆珰瞋目监视，倒杖张威，施辣手而甘心焉。杖已，血肉淋漓，奄奄待尽。”
廷杖之外，还有立枷，创自刘瑾，锦衣卫常用之：“其重枷头号者至三百斤，为期至二月，已无一全。而最毒者为立枷，不旬日必绝。偶有稍延者，命放低三数寸，则顷刻殒矣。凡枷未满期而死，则守者掊土掩之，俟期满以请，始奏闻领埋，若值炎暑，则所存仅空骸耳，故谈者谓重于大辟云。”
诏狱、廷杖、立枷之下，士大夫不但可杀，而且可辱，君臣间的距离愈来愈远，“天皇圣明，臣罪当诛”，打得快死而犹美名之曰恩谴，曰赐杖，礼貌固然谈不上，连主奴间的恩意也因之而**然无存了。
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