第二节 贸易与劳工标准问题02（第2页）

7。42WetlyturntothesideratioaheWTOAgreement，ofwhichGATT1994ahereofarea。Wehepreambleofamayassistierminingitsobjedpurpose。OhefirstparagraphofthePreambleoftheWTOAgreementaowledgesthattheoptimaluseoftheworld'sresourcesmustbepursued“inacewiththeobjectiveofsustai，seekingbothtoprotedpreservetheeoehemeansofdoingsoientwith[Members’]respeeedsadifferentlevelsofeient”。OhesedparagraphofthePreambleofGATTahirdparagraphoftheWTOPreamblerefertintoreutuallyadvantageemehesubstaionoftariffsandotherbarrierstotradeaionofdisent”iioioOPreamblesthatealsideratioaerpretatioOAgreemeralfocusofthatagreemehepromotionofeientthroughtrade;andtheprovisionsofGATTareessentiallyturowardliberalizatioomarketsonanondisatorybasis。

7。43Wealso，byitsveryOAgreementfavoursamultilateralapproachtotradeissues。ThePreambletotheWTOAgreemeMembersare“resolved…todevelopaed，moreviableaeraltradingsystem[aermihebasidtofurthertheobjederlyingthismultilateraltradingsystem”（emphasisadded）。ArticleⅢ:2oftheWTOAgreemehat:

&OshallprovidethefotiationsamongitsMembersgtheirmultilateraltraderelationsiwithuheagreementsihisAgreemeOmayalsoprovideforaforumfotiationsamongitsMembersgtheirmultilateraltraderelations…”

ThisapproachisalsoexpressedinArticle23。1oftheDSUwhichstressestheprimaultilateralsystemasunilateralismasasubstitutefortheproceduresforeseeninthatagreement。

7。44Therefore，weareoftheopinionthatthechapeauArtiterpretedwithinitsdioftheobjedpurposeofGATTaOAgreement，onlyallowsMemberstatefromGATTprovisionssolongas，indoiuOmultilateraltradihusalsoabusiionsedinArticleⅩⅩ。SuderminingandabusewouldoaMemberjeopardizestheoperatioOAgreementinsuchawaythatguaraadnondisentwithinamultilateralframeworkwouldnolongerbepossible。Asreviousparules“arenotonlytoprotettradebutalsotocreatethepredictabilityoplaheproteofexpebersastothepetitiverelatioheirprodudtheprodubersisthereforeanimportantpriakenintoatbypanelswhenreviearticularmeasure。WeareofthevieeofmeasureadoptedbyaMemberwhiitsoeartohavearelativelyminorimpaultilateraltradingsystem，mayhelessraiseaseriousthreattothatsystemifsimilarmeasuresareadoptedbythesameorotherMembers。Thus，byallowingsueasureseventhoughtheirindividualimpaotappeartobesuchastothreateeraltradingsystem，onewouldaffectthesedpredictabilityofthemultilateraltradingsystem。WetlyfindthatwhengameasureuicleⅩⅩ，wemustdetermiohemeasureonitsowheWTOmultilateraltradialsowhethersueasure，ifitweretobeadoptedbyotherMembers，wouldthreateyaabilityofthemultilateraltradingsystem。

7。45InourvieretationofthechapeauofArticleⅩⅩweretobefolloouldallowaMembertoadoptmeasuresismarketfivenprodutheadoptioingMembersofpoligservatio1994aOAgreementolongerserveasamultilateralframewMembersassedpredictabilityoftraderelatireementswouldbethreatehisfollowsbecause，ifoOMemberwereallotsuchmeasures，thenotherMemberswouldalsohavetherighttoadoptsimilarmeasuresobutwithdiffering，oreveng，requirements。IfthathappewouldbeimpossiblefMemberstoplyatthesametimewithmultiplegpolicyrequirements。Indeed，aseachoftheserequirementswouldheadoptionofapolicyappliotoprodu（suchasspedardsapplilytogoodsexportedtothetryrequirialsotodomesticprodu，itwouldbeimpossibleforatrytoadoptohosepolicieswiththeriskotherMembers’gpolicyrequirementsforthesameprodudbeingrefusedaccesstotheseothermarkets。We，icase，therewouldhepossibilityofadaptingone'sexportprodutotherespectiverequirementsofthedifferentMembers。Marketaccessfoodsesubjeinumberofgpolicyrequirementsforthesameprodudthisidlyleadtotheeilateraltradingsystem。

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7。49Agly，itappearstousthat，inlightofthetextoftheterm“unjustifiable”aaheWTOAgreement，theUSmeasureatissuestitutesunjustifiabledisatiorieswherethesamesprevailandthusisnotwithintheseasurespermitteduicleⅩⅩ。However，befadefinitivefindingonthisissue，wemustsiderseveralargumentsputforwardbytheUesthatrelategeoouranalysisofArticleⅩⅩ。

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7。51TheUesfurtherarguesthattheplainantsfusethedifferera-jurisdialappliofatry'slaplibyatryofitslaw，withinitsjurisdiordertoprotectresourceslocatedoutsideitsjurisdi。However，wewearenotbasingora-jurisdialappliofUSlaw。Maientalmeasureshaveasidethejurisdiofthegoverwhichtakesthem。WhatwefouameasureotbesideredasfallingwithinthescopeofArticleⅩⅩifitoperatessoastoaffectovers’poliawaythatthreateeraltradingsystem，asdesparagraph7。45above。Forinstance，aUSrequirement，thatUShecharacteristicsofagivenproductbemetforthatproducttobeallowedontheUSmarket，wouldnotstitutesuchathreat。SueasuresareplatedbytheWTOAgreementonTeicalBarrierstoTradeandtheAgreementonSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures。HthatotherMembersadoptpoliparabletotheUSpolicyfortheirdomesticmarketsandallothermarketsrepreseheWTOmultilateraltradingsystem。AsaffirmedbytheAppellateBodyiheGasolinecase，“Membershavealargemeasureofautoheirowheeheirealobjedtheeallegislatioa”，circumsly，sofarasstheWTO，bytheherequirementsoftheGeahercreements。Therefore，aMember'smeasurewhiditiosmarketoioiaiionpoliciesisadenialofsuy。

7。52TheUesarguesthattherightofWTOMemberstotakemeasuresuicleⅩⅩtoserveauralresourcesisreaffirmedandreihePreambletotheWTOAgreement。Althoughwedonehthisstatemepersuadedthatthisargumeoge。WhilstthetralfocusofthatAgreementistopromoteeientthroughtrade，wehePreambleaowledgesthattheoptimaluseoftheworld'sresourcesmustbepursued“inacewiththeobjectiveofsustai，seekingbothtoprotedpreservetheeoehemeansofdoingsoientwith[Members’]respeeedsadifferentlevelsofeient”。ThusthePreambleehefaviroalpoliciesmustbedesigakingintoatthesituationofeachMember，bothisaeedsaseeaherecordbeforeusand，inparticular，theaheexpertstothequestionsoftheParoheealissuesatstakeinthiscaseshouldbeevaluatedtreeinlightoflionals。Theyalsosuggestthatservationmeasuresshouldbeadapted，iotheeal，sodeiditiwheretheyaretobeapplied。Wefurtherhe1992RioDeonEareizestherightofStatestodesigntheirownealpolithebasisoftheirpartiviroalaalsituationsandrespoalsostressestheernatioiunilateralmeasures。Inthislight，wesiderthatthePreambledoesnotjustifyiicleⅩⅩtoallowaMembertoaarketfivenprodutheadoptioaiionpoliciesbyexpMembersithemihoseoftheimpMember。Orary，thediversityoftheealasituationsuhePreamblebestbetakenintoatthroughiiohePreamblealsoimpliesthatattemptstogeandardsofeewouldrequiremultilateraldis，especiallywhen，ashere，developingtriesareiherefore，wedonotsiderthatthewofthePreamblereferredtobytheUesshouldleadustoadifferentthantheonereachedabove。

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7。54InadditioedStatesarguesthatnothinginArticleⅩⅩrequiresaMembertoseekionofaioeadof，orbeforeadoptingunilateralmeasures。IheUesclaimsitotiatebuttheplainantsdidnotreply。

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7。56WeSe609sprovisionsgupontheUSSecretaryofStatetoiionsassoonaspossibleforthedevelopmentofbilateralormultilateralagreementsfortheprotedservationofthespeciesofseaturtlescoveredbythatSe。

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However，wehavetheUesadertookionsooleservationteiqueswhichwouldhaveiheplaiheimpositiobaheCITjudgemehereforecludethat，ihepossibilityofferedbyitslegislatioedStatesdidoioimposedtheimportban。AswesiderthatthemeasuressoughtbytheUeswereofthetypethatwouldnormallyrequireiioiofioexamiieseoionsingoodfaithaheUes，abse，wouldhavebeeoadoptunilateralmeasures。

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7。61Inreagours，webasedourselvesostatusoftheWTOrulesaionallaw。AsfarastheWTOAgreementised，wesideredthatilateralmeasures，insofarastheycouldjeopardizethemultilateraltradingsystem，otbecoveredbyArticleⅩⅩ。swithrespeternationalnormsregardiOAgreementandGATT。Geionallawaionaleallawclearlyfavourtheuseofrumehanunilateralmeasureswheransblobalealproblems，particularlywhendevelopingtriesareed。Heedsolutioobepreferred，bothfromaWTOaionaleallawperspective。However，sregardingArtiplythatrecoursetounilateralmeasuresisalwaysexcluded，particularlyafterseriousattemptshavebeeiate;hat，iheywouldbepermitted。hepresehoughthesituationofturtlesisaseriousone，wesiderthattheUesadoptedmeasureswhich，irrespectiveoftheirealpurpose，wereclearlyathreattothemultilateraltradingsystemandliedwithoutaempttoreach，beforehaedsolution。

7。62WethereforefindthattheUSmeasureatissueisnotwithintheseasurespermitteduhechapeauofArticleⅩⅩ。

3。ArticleⅩⅩ（b）and（g）

7。63Ihourapproachdespara。7。29above，wedonotfioexamiheUSmeasureiscoveredbythetermsofArticleⅩⅩ（b））。

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ⅧI。S

8。1Iofthefindingsabove，wecludethattheimportbanonshrimpandshrimpproductsasappliedbytheUesonthebasisofSe609ofPublicLaw101-162isnottwithArticleⅪ:1ofGATT1994，andotbejustifieduicleⅩⅩofGATT1994。

8。2ThePanelreendsthattheDisputeSettlemeheUestthismeasureintoitywithitsobligatioOAgreement。

&ions:

1。WhatihePaowheArticleⅩⅩ?