第二节 服务贸易总协定的一般性义务(第2页)
4。弃权或免除(>
根据《建立世界贸易组织协定》第9条第3款的规定,WTO部长级会议在特殊情况下可以决定免除包括GATS在内的任何多边贸易协定所施加的义务,条件是这种免除需要经34的成员通过。
二、透明度原则
与GATT一样,GATS同样也把透明度原则作为协定的一项基本原则。由于服务贸易本身并不经过关境,传统货物贸易中针对货物的关税、许可证、配额等边境贸易管理措施无法适用于服务贸易,服务贸易的管理职能更多地依靠国内立法,因此,国内法律、法规和规章的公开、透明就显得尤为重要。基于这种考虑,GATS第3条对协定义务实施中的透明度要求作出了以下规定。
ArticleⅢ
Transparency
1。EachMembershallpublishpromptlyaiuatiobythetimeoftheirentryintoforce,allrelevantmeasuresofgeneralappliwhitooraffecttheoperationofthisAgreemeiospertainingtooraffegtradeiowhichaMemberisasignatoryshallalsobepublished。
2。Wherepubliasreferredtraph1isnotpracticable,suatioherwisepubliclyavailable。
3。EachMembershallpromptlyaannuallyinformthecilforTradeiheintroduofanynew,oraoexisting,laws,regulationsoradministrativeguidelineswhiifitlyaffecttradeinservicescoveredbyitsspeehisAgreement。
4。EachMembershallrespondpromptlytoallrequestsbyanyotherMemberforspeationonanyofitsmeasuresofgeneralapplioriiohinthemeaningraph1。EachMembershallalsoestablishoneormoreenquirypointstoprovidespeationtootherMembers,upo,onallsuchmattersaswellasthosesubjecttothenotifirequirementinparagraph3。SuquirypointsshallbeestablishedwithintwoyearsfromthedateofentryiheAgreemeablishiO(referredtointhisAgreemeOAgreement”)。Appropriateflexibilitywithrespee-limitwithinwhiquirypoiobeestablishedmaybeagreeduponforindividualdevelopingbers。Enquirypoibedepositoriesoflawsaions。
5。AifytothecilforTradeinServiymeasure,takenbyanyotherMember,whisidersaffectstheoperationofthisAgreement。
三、国内规章
曾有学者一针见血地指出,“阻碍服务贸易自由化的主要障碍不是关税,而是国内的规章。”[5]这里的规章不仅包括各国对服务贸易的限制性法规和规章,还包括限制投资、资金流动等因素的国内规章。为了在尊重各国政策目标的同时推进国际服务贸易自由化进程,GATS第6条为成员方管理国际服务贸易的国内规章作出了一般规定。
ArticleⅥ
&icRegulation
1。Iorswherespeeaken,eachMembershalleallmeasuresofgeneralappliaffegtradeinservicesareadministeredinareasoiveandimpartialmanner。
2。(a)EachMembershallmaintainorinstituteassoonaspracticablejudicial,arbitraloradmiribunalsorprocedureswhichprovide,attherequestofaedservicesupplier,forthepromptreviewof,aified,appropriateremediesfor,administrativedesaffegtradeinservices。Wheresuchproceduresareoftheageedwiththeadministrativedeed,theMembershalleheprofactprovideforaiveandimpartialreview。
(b)Theprovisionsraph(a)shallruedtorequireaMembertoiribunalsorprocedureswherethiswouldbeihitsstitutionalstructureortheslegalsystem。
3。WhereauthorizationisrequiredforthesupplyofaservieehepetentauthoritiesofaMembershall,withinareasoimeafterthesubmissionofanapplisideredpleteuidregulations,informtheapplitofthedegtheappli。Attherequestoftheapplit,thepetentauthoritiesoftheMembershallprovide,withoutunduedelay,informatithestatusoftheappli。
4。WithaviewtthatmeasuresrelatingtoqualifirequirementsaeidardsandligrequirementsdonotstituteunnecessarybarrierstotradeihecilforTradeinServicesshall,throughappropriatebodiesitmayestablish,developanynecessarydises。Suchdisesshallaimtoesuchrequiremeeralia:
(a)basedoiveandtraeria,supeteheabilitytosupplytheservice;
(b)notmoreburdehaoeyoftheservice;
(thecaseofligprootinthemselvesarestrithesupplyoftheservice。
5。(a)IorsinwhichaMemberhasuakenspeeheentryintoforceofdisesdevelopediorspursuanttraph4,theMembershallnotapplylidqualifirequirementsandteidardsthatnullifyorimpairsuchspeentsinamannerwhich:
(i)doesnotplywiththecriteriaoutlinedinsubparagraphs4(a),(b)or(d
(ii)otreasonablyhavebeeMemberatthetimethespeentsiors>
(b)IermiheraMemberisinitywiththeobligatiraph5(a),atshallbetakeionalstandardsofrelevaianizatioMember。
6。Iorswherespeentsregardingprofessionalservidertaken,eachMembershallprovideforadequateprocedurestoverifythepetenceofprofessionalsofanyotherMember。
[1]AppellateBodyReportonEasⅢ,paras。231-234。
[2]石静霞:《WTO服务贸易法专论》,北京,法律出版社,2006,第63~64页。
[3]PaonEasⅢ,para。7。322。
[4]Paonada-Autos,para。10。248。
[5]赵维田:《世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度》,长春,吉林人民出版社,2000,第355页。