Text B Detached Reflections on Different Questions of Aesthetics（第1页）

TextBDetachedRefleDiffereioics

FrederickSchiller

Pre-reading

FrederickSchiller（1759-1805）wasaleadingGermandramatist，poet，philosopher，ahethelastfewyearsofhislife（1788-1805），Schiller’sfriendshipwiththealreadyfamousaialJohannWolfgahe，usheredinaperiodoasWeimarClassicism。Theydiscussedissuesgaesthetics。Theyeher;Scoethetofinishworksheleftassketches，whileGoethecedhimtoreturnt。Theyfouheater，whichbecametheleadierinGermany。

TheircollaboratiooarenaissanainGermany。

SchillerisrememberedforsuchdramasasTheRobbers（1781），theWallerilogy（1800-1801），MariaStuart（1801），aell（1804）。HisworkOianiers（1794）isaphilosophiquiryintowhathadg，andhowtopreventsuchtragediesiure。Iersheassertsthatitispossibletoelevatethemoralcharacterofapeople，byfirsttougtheirsoulswithbeauty，aisalsofoundinhispoemDieKüheArtists）:“hBeauty’smate，dostthoupehelandofknowledge。”

&ember2008，SchillerwasvotedbytheaudieVelARTEastheseportantplaywrightiereare。

Promptsf

1。HowmanylayersofmeaningterpretinParagraph1?

2。Whyisthegoodnoti?Whatistheaimofart?

3。WhatisthepointoftheexampleinParagraph3?

4。Whatbesaidofthegoodandtheagreeableintermsofbeiiveorsubjective?

5。Inwhatwaysisthegooddifferentfromtheagreeable?

6。Whatisthediffereheagreeableaiful?

7。Whatisthefunraph8?

8。Whatdoyouthinkraph9andParagraph10?Howdotheyfitintothe>

9。Howdoestheauthordefiureofthesublime?

[1]Allthepropertiesbywhiobjebeeaesthetibereferredtofourclasses，which，aswellagtotheirobjectivedifferencesasagtotheirdiffereio，produourpassiveaiespleasuresuonlyialsoinworth;classeswhichalsoareofanuhees:theyaretheagreeable，thegood，thesublime，aiful。

[2]Ofthesefories，thesublimeaifulonlybeloreeableisnotworthyofart，andthegoodisatleastheaimofartistoplease，andthegood，whetherwesideritintheoryoriherhttoserveasameansofsatisfyisofseheagreeableonlysatisfiesthesenses，andisdistiherebyfromthegood，whilypleasesthereason。Theagreeableosmatter，foritisoaffeses，andallthatisformlypleasethereason。Itistruethatthebeautifulohroughthemediumofthesenses，bywhichitisdistihegood;butitpleasesreason，onatofitsform，bywhichitisessentiallydistiheagreeable。Itmightbesaidthatthegoodpleasesonlybyitsfinharmohebeautifulbyitsfsomerelationofresemblahreason，andthattheagreeableabsolutelydoessfoodisperceivedbythought，thebeautifulbyintuition，andtheagreeableonlybythesepleasesbythe，thesedbytheidea，ahirdbymaterialsensation。

[3]Thedistahegoodandtheagreeableisthatwhichstrikestheeyesthemost。Thegoodwidens，becauseitprodsupposesasobject;thepleasurewhichitmakesusperceiverestsoivefoundatiohispleasureitselfisbutastateiuated。Theagreeable，orary，produotionofitsobjed，indeed，reposesoivefoundation。Itisagreeableonlyinasmuchasitisfeltbythesubjedtheideaofitpletelyvaanobstruisplatheaffectabilityofthesenses，oroismodified。Foramahecoldtheagreeablewouldbeawarmair;butthissamemaofsummer，wouldseektheshadeawemustagreethatinbothcaseshehasjudgedwell。

[4]Ohatwhichisobjectiveisaltogetheriofus，andthatearstoustrue，useful，reasoyet（ifthisjudgmentoftodaybeadmittedasjust）toseemtousthesametwentyyearshementoftheagreeablegesassoonasourstate，withregardtoitsobject，hasged。Theagreeableisthereforenotapropertyoftheobject;itspriherelationsofsuobjectwithoursehestitutionofoursensesisanecessarythereof。

[5]Thegood，orary，isgoodinitself，befrepreseous，andbeffelt。Thepropertybywhichitpleasesexistsfullyihoutbeinginwantofoursubject，althoughthepleasurewhichwetakeisonanaptitudefthatwhius。Thuswesaythattheagreeableexistsoisexperiehatthegood，orary，isexperieexists。

[6]Thedistihebeautifulandtheagreeable，greatasitis，moreover，strikestheeyeless。Thebeautifulapproachestheagreeableinthis—thatitmustalroposedtothesenses，inasmuchasitpleasesonlyasapheesagaininasfarasitherproorsupposesanynotionofitsobject。But，oherhand，itiswidelyseparatedfromtheagreeable，becauseitpleasesbytheformunderwhichitisproduotbythefaaterialsensation。Nodoubtitohereasoinsofarasitisalsoasensuoussubject;butalsoitpleasesthesensuoussubjeuchasitisatthesametimeareaso。Thebeautifulisnotootheindividualbuttothewholespedalthoughitdrawsitsexistefromitsrelatiothesametimereasonableandsensuous，itisnotlessiofallempiricallimitationsofsensuousness，anditremaiiwheistitutionoftheindividualismodified。Thebeautifulhasexaohatbywhichitdiffersfromtheagreeable，anditdiffersfromthegoodexathatinroximatestotheagreeable。

[7]Bythegoodwemustuhatinwhireizesaitywithhertheoretidpracticallaws。Butthesameobjebeperfeabletothetheoreti，ahelessintradithehighestdegreewiththepracti。roveoftheeerprise，aadmiretheskillofthemeaionwiththeendinvieisethepleasureswhichthevoluptuous2maheendofhislife，ahelesspraisetheskillwhichheexhibitsintheeans，andthelogicalresultwithwhichhecarriesouthispriwhichpleasesusonlybyitsfood，absolutelygood，andwithoutanys，whenitsformisatthesametimeitsmatter。Thegoodisalsoaofsenotofaeseheagreeable，normoreoverofamixedsehebeautiful。Itdoesedesireasthefirst，norinasthesed。Thesimpleideaofthegoodinspiresoeem。

[8]Thediffereingtheagreeable，thegood，aifulbeiablished，itisevidentthatthesameobjebeugly，defective，eventobemorallyrejedhelessbeagreeableaothesearevolt3thesenses，abegood，i。e。，pleasethereason;thataosthemoralsenses，aheimaginationwhiplatesit，andstillbebeautiful。Itisbecauseeaeoftheseideasisdifferentfaculties，asdifferently。

[9]Buthaveweexhaustedtheclassifioftheaestheticattributes?No，thereareobjectsatthesametimeugly，revolting，andhtothesenses，whiotpleasetheuanding，andofnoament，asdonotfailtoplease;lytopleasetosuchadegree，thatillinglysacrificethepleasureofthesesehatoftheuandingtoprocureforustheeheseobjects。Thereisnothiiveihaifullandscape，illumihepurplelightofevening。Therichvarietyoftheobjects，themellowoutliheplayoflightsinfinitelyvaryi，thelightvaporswhivelopdistas，—allbineingthesenses;andaddtoit，toincreaseourpleasure，thesoftmurmurofacascade4，thesoingales，anagreeablemusic。Wegiveourselvesuptoasoftsensationofrepose，andwhilstourseouchedbytheharmonyofthecolors，theforms，andthesouheagreeablei，themindisrejoicedbytheeasyandrichflowoftheideas，theheartbytheseswhichoverflowiorrent。Allatosup，darkeningtheskyandallthelandscape，surpassingandsilengallothernoises，aakingfromusallourpleasures。Blackcirclethehorizohunderfallswithadeafeningnoise。Flashsucceedsflash。htandheariedirevoltihelightningooreousmorevisiblethehorrorsoftheheelectricfluidstrike，ofearlestitmaystrikeus。Well，thatdoesusfrombelievingthatwehavegaihanlostbythege;Iexcept，ofcourse，thosewhomfearhasbereftof5alllibertyofjudgmeheonehand，forciblydrawntowardsthisterriblespectacle，whitheotherulsesoursenses，andwepausebeforeitwithafeelingwhiotproperlycallapleasure，butonewhichweoftenlikemuchmorethaill，thespectaaturetheousisiherdestrugood（atalleventsweinhiyofastormtotakepleasureinthisphenomenon），isiheruglythaiful，forthedarkness，hidingfromusalltheimageswhichlightaffords，otbeinitselfapleasantthing;andthosesuddehwhichthethumosphere，thosesuddehelighthecloud—allistrarytooialsofthebeautiful，whichcarrieswithitnothingabrupt，nothi。Ahisphenomenon，ifwesideronlyourseherpainfulthanagreeable，forthenerveshtandthareeatheirturnpainfullystrailessviolentlyrelaxed，bythealternationsoflightaheexplosiohunder，andsilenspiteofallthesecausesofdispleasure，astormisanattraomenonforwhomsoeverisnotafraidofit。

[10]Anotherexample。Iofagreenandsmilingplainthererisesanakedandbarrenhillock，whichhidesfromthesightapartoftheview。Eaewouldwishthatthishillockwereremovedwhichdisfiguresthebeautyofallthelandscape。Well，letusimagihishill，risingstill，withoutindeedgatallitsshape，andpreserving，althoughoerscale，thesameproportioswidthaobeginwith，ourimpressionofdispleasurewillbutihehillockitself，whichwillthemorestrikethesight，andwhichwillbethemorerepulsive。Butue;raiseituptwiceashighasatower，ahedispleasurewillefface7itselftomakewayforquiteahehillhasatlastbeountain，sohighamountainthatitisquiteimpossibleforoureyestotakeitihereisamoreprecocious8thanallthissmilingplainwhidsit，andtheimpressionthatitmakesonusisofsuaturethatweshrettoexgeitforanyotherimpressioifulitmightbe。Now，supposethismountaintobeleaning，andofsuthatwecouldexpectiteverymio，thepreviousimpressionwillbeplicatedwithanotherimpression:terrorwillbejoi:theobjectitselfwillbebutstillmoreattractive。Butsupposeitwerepossibletopropupthisleaningmountainwithaaierrorear，andartofthepleasureweexperienced。Supposethattherewerebesidethismountainfourorfiveothermountains，ofwhiewasafourthorafifthpartlowerthantheonewhichcameimmediatelyafter;thefirstimpressionwithwhichtheheightofoaininspireduswillbenotablyweakehianalogouslaceifthemountainitselfweretoteerrainishing;aiificiallydecoratedwithplantatiofirstsubjeountaintoionthanthatitssize，leavingitotherwisejustasitwas，andwithitsform;andthissimplecehassuffiakeaorevendisagreeableobjectsatisfyingtotheeyes。Bythesedoperation，thisehasbeeatthesametimeaerror;andthepleasurewhichwehavefoundiingithasbutbeeer。Finally，bythelastoperationwhichwehavemade，wehavedimierrorwhichitssightoed，andthepleasurehasdiminishedasmuch。Wehavedimiivelytheideaofitsheight，whetherbydividiioorbetweenseveralobjegivingtotheeyes，bymeansofthesesmallermountaieone，ameasurebywhiastertheheightofthemountainallthemoreeasily。Thegreataerriblethereforebeofthemselvesiaincasesasourceofaestheticpleasure。

。。。

[11]AlltheexamplesthatIhaveallegeduptothepresehisinon—thatthefeelieisohiive。Inallthesephenomeheideaofsomething“whichoversteps，orwhichthreatehepowerofprehensionofourseheirpowerofresistanot，hsofarastoparalyzethesetwopowers，orsofarastorenderusiriviok，ortoresisttheimpressionitmakesonus。Thereisinthephenomenaaplexitywhiotretraitywiththeiytoitsfurthestlimits。

[12]Wehavetheideaofaforparisonwithwhivanishes，andwhichwearehelesspelledtoparewithourowisawhichatthesametimepresentsaselffromourfacultyofintuition，andwhichurgesustostrivetorepresentittoourselves，withoutleavingroomtohopethatthisaspiratioisfied;orelseitisaearstoupraiseitselfasaneourexistence—whichprovokesus，sotosay，tobat，andmakesusanxiousastotheissue。Inalltheallegedexamplesthereisvisibleihesameathefacultyoffeeling。Allthrowoursoulsintoananxiousagitationandstrainitsspriaingravitywhieveoastakespossessionofoursoul，andwhilstarayevidentsignsofintery，ourmindfallsbaitselfbyrefledappearstofindasupportinahigheressofitsirengthanddignity。Thisessofourselvesmustalwaysdominateihegreatandthehorriblemayhaveforusaicvalue。Itisbecausethesoulbeforesuchsightsasthesefeelsitselfinspiredandliftedaboveitselfthattheyaredesighenameofsublime，althoughthethingsthemselvesareobjenowaysublime;alyitwouldbemorejusttosaythattheyareelevatingthantocalltheminthemselveselevatedorsublime。

[13]Foraobecalledsublimeitmustbeinoppositionwithoursensuousness。Iispossibletoceivebuttwodiffereioheobjedoursensuousness，ahereoughttobetwokiaeithertobesideredasobjeishtodrawknowledge，orelsetheyshardedasaforceepareourtothisdivisiowokindsofthesublime，thesublimeofkhesublimeofforce。Moreover，thesensuousfacultiestributetoknowledgeagivenmatter，andputtiheotheritsplexityintimeandinspace。

[14]Astodissegthisplexpropertyandassit，itisthebusiheuandingandion。Itisfortheuandihediversityexists:fination（sideredsimplyasasensuousfaculty）thereisbutanuniformity，alyitisbuttheheunifs（thequantityay）whigiveintoaweentheseiohus，ihefacultyssensuouslymayberedupotencebeforea，necessarilyitisimperativethatthisobjectexitsquayination。

Notes