Text B Looking Back on the Spanish WarExcerpts（第2页）

[13]ThemostbafflingthingintheSpanishwarwasthebehavireatpowers。ThewarwasactuallywonforFrancobytheGermansandItaliaiveswereobviouseivesofFraaiouand。In1936itwascleartoeveryoifBritainwouldoheSpa，eveofafewmillionpounds’worthofarms，Francowouldcollapsearategywouldbeseverelydislocated。BythattimeoobeattoforeseethatwarbetweenBritainandGermanywasing;oellwithioulde。Yetimean，coocriticalwaytheBritishrulingclassdidalltheycouldtohandSpaioFrandtheNazis。Why?Becausetheywerepro-Fascist，wastheobviousanswer。Uheywere，acametothefinalshowdowostanduptoGermany。Itisstillveryuainlaedoninbadtheymayhavehadnoatall。WhethertheBritishrulingclassarewierelystupidisodifficultquestionsofourtime，aaisaveryimportaion。AstotheRussiaivesintheSpanishletelyihey，asthepierveneinSpaiodefenddemodthwarttheNazis?ThenwhydidtheyinterveneonsuiggardlysdfinallyleaveSpaininthelurch?Ordidthey，astheaierveerrevolutioninSpain?ThenwhydidtheydoallintheirpowertocrushtheSpaios，defeyandhahemiddleclassasagainstthewclass?Ordidthey，astheTrotskyistssuggested，intervenesimplyiopreventaSpaiohavebadeed，theiraosteasilyexplainedifoheywereaseveraltradiotives。IbelievethatiureweshalletofeelthatStalin’sfnpolisteadofbeingsodiabolicallycleverasitisclaimedtobe，hasbeeunistidstupid。ButataheSpanishCivilWardemoheheyweredoingandtheiropposdidnot。Thewarwasfoughtatalowteicallevelanditsmajywasverysimple。Thatsidewhichhadarmswouldwin。TheNazisaaliaotheirSpanishFasds，aerndemodtheRussiansdidothosewhoshouldhavebeentheirfriends。SotheSpanishRepublicperished，havinorepublicmissed”。

[14]Whetheritwasright，asallleft-wihertriesundoubtedlydid，tetheSpaniardstogoonfightiheyotwiionhardtoanswer。Imyselfthinkitwasright，becauseIbelievethatitisbettereveofviewofsurvivaltofightandbequeredthahoutfightisorategyainstFasotbeassessedyet。Theragged，onlessarmiesoftheRepublicheldoutfortwoandahalfyears，whidoubtedlyloheireed。ButwhetherthatdislocatedtheFascisttimetable，orwhether，oherhapohemajavetheimetogettheirwarma，isstilluain。

Notes

1。ArthurKoestler:（1905-1983）Britishwriter（bary）whowroteaheStalinistpurgesduringthe1930s

2。Franco:（1892-1975）SpanishgeneralwhosearmiestooktrolofSpainin1939andwhoruledasaditilhisdeath

3。Spartacus：（109B。C。-71B。C。）aThragladiator，whowasoheslaveleadersihirdServileWar，amajorslaveuprisingagainsttheRomanRepublic

&us:（55-135）Greek-speakingStoicphilosopher。HewasborHierapia（presentdayPamukkale，Turkey），andlivediilhisba，wheoNierherestofhislife。ToEpictetus，allextersaredetermie，ahusbeyondourtrol;weshouldacceptpensddispassionately。However，individualsarerespoheirownas，whichtheyeandtrorousself-dise。

5。Blimp:anyelderlypompousreaaryultra-nationalistic（极端民族主义的）persohecharactercreatedbySirDavidLow）

6。Negrin:（1892-1956）JuanNegrínyLópez，Spanishpolitidphysi。HewasaleaderoftheSpanishSocialistWorkers’Party（PSOE）andservedasfier。HewasthelastLoyalistpremierofSpain（1937-1939），ahedefeatoftheRepubliforcesbytheNationalistsunderGeneralFrangtheSpanishCivilWar。Hecollaboratedwiththeunistsuminute;hediedinexileinParis，France。

7。Trotskyist:radicalswhosupportTrotsky’stheorythatsocialismmustbeestablishedthroughouttheworldbygrevolution

&ionsf

1。Whatdoyouthientithisessay?

2。WhatistherealcauseoftheSpanishCivil>

3。Whatistheimpliofthetopicof“there-institutionofslavery”inParagraph7?

4。Doyouknoartofhistorythathasbeeisit?ritten?

5。WhichsideoftheSpanishCivilWarwouldyoustandon?Why?

6。Shouldwebelieveeverythinginhistorybooks?Whyorwhynot?

7。anishCivilWartrulya“civil”hynot?

8。arizetheouteoftheSpanishCivilWar，bothforthedfortheworld?

9。ReadmorecarefullyabouttheSpanishCivilWaraeysork。Howethereaerpretationsofa>

After-readingAssig

OralWork

1。Afteranymajorwartherewillbealargenumberofrisonersorevenwarslaves。Refertorelativeliteratureormoviesaoriesaboutthemtoyourclass。Yourstorybepartofanovel，amovie，etc。oritbeapletestoryinitself。

2。“Fromtheanti-Fasgleonecouldwriteabroadlytruthfulhistoryofthewar，butitartisanhistory，unreliableoneveryminorpoint。”MakeasurveyinthelibraryoroainformationfromdiffereheSpanishCivilWar。Shareysinyroupanddiscussthedifferenthistoricalfacts。

3。Warsgiverisetovariousstoriesaboutthepeopleahem。Someofthesewarstic，whileothersareexg。Haveyoueverreadawarstorythathasimpressedyoudeeply?Sharethestorywithyourclassmatesina5-miion。

4。Teologyhasbeedhumancivilizationinvariousways。Yet，howhasteologygedthenatureofwar?Forexample，howhasteologyupgradedthepoons?Studytherelatioweenwarandteologyandholdagroupdistoexgeyourideaswithyourpartners。

WrittenWork

1。Aesesayiimagstothevictor”。Doyouuhemeaningofthisstatement?Writeanessayofabout400wyourstandonthispoint。Useexamplesfromwarsinhistoryinyouressay。

2。Towhatdegreedoyoubelievethataayralinaumentativepapergyourpoint。

3。Nowadaystherearemanyputergamesfeaturingwarandviolehesegamesareevehwithwarsinhistory。Learnaboutohegamesandfindouthowthegamemayisplayers，whoareusuallyteeudents。Writea500-wordreportaboutit。

FurtherReadings

IntroduoralEquivalentofWarbyJonRolandTheValnoranerLea

HomagetoiabyGeeOrwell